By Stephen Shankland
Friday, October 28 2005 10:09 AM
URL: http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/hardware/0,39042972,39285977,00.htm

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and IBM unveiled the Blue Gene/L supercomputer Thursday and announced it's broken its own record again for the world's fastest supercomputer.

The 65,536-processor machine can sustain 280.6 trillion calculations per second, called 280.6 teraflops, IBM said Thursday. That's the top end of the range IBM forecast and more than twice the previous Blue Gene/L record of 136.8 teraflops, set when only half the machine was installed.

In addition, the lab unveiled a lesser known but also powerful machine with a speed up to 100 teraflops. The ASC Purple is built from more conventional IBM server products. Together, ASC Purple and Blue Gene/L cost $290 million. Both will be used for nuclear weapons simulations and other computationally demanding tasks.

Broadly speaking, both machines use a similar approach: A powerful network connects huge numbers of processors. But there are differences. ASC Purple's 12,544 Power5 processors are individually more powerful than the specialized Power chip variants used in Blue Gene/L. And, each ASC Purple processor has access to more memory so that more complicated simulations can run. However, Blue Gene/L consumes less power, and instead of using a massive, complex central switch to connect processors, it uses a collection of five separate networks.

Supercomputing was once a domain limited to companies, such as Cray, Hewlett-Packard and Silicon Graphics, with deep research programs. But the steadily increasing power of mainstream processors and networks has meant that even companies without major engineering programs, such as Dell, have entered the market.

Blue Gene/L first became the top-ranked supercomputer a year ago on the Top500 supercomputing list with a 70.7-teraflop speed. The speed is measured with a mathematical test called Linpack, but Top500 organizers acknowledge it has been an incomplete measurement of a computer's abilities.

When Blue Gene/L runs Linpack, each processor performs mathematical calculations. But for many jobs, half the system's processors are used for networking tasks.

ASC Purple, originally called ASCI Purple, got the first part of its name from the Department of Energy's Advanced Simulation and Computing program, which was designed to guarantee that U.S. nuclear weapons would continue to work even as they age well past their intended life spans. The "Purple" comes from a mixture of red, white and blue: ASC Purple was intended to be the culmination of the series of ASCI Red, White and Blue supercomputers built at Sandia, Lawrence Livermore and Los Alamos national laboratories.

ASC Purple had been due at the end of 2004, but the schedule was extended because of a move to a less expensive design.

Among the dignitaries attending the unveiling Thursday are Linton Brooks, administrator of the Energy Department's National Nuclear Security Administration; Ray Orbach, director of the DOE's Office of Science; Nicholas Donofrio, IBM's executive vice president for innovation and technology; and LLNL Director Michael Anastasio.

Blue Gene/L and ASC Purple together are expected to consume 10 megawatts of the 45-megawatt capacity that LLNL's Terascale Simulation Facility can supply for computing and cooling.

Protein research and beyond
The Blue Gene design began as a research project within IBM to simulate fundamental biochemical processes involving proteins. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory became its first customer, but the machines now are used for several research projects around the world as IBM commercializes the technology.

IBM sells the Blue Gene machines for about US$2 million per 1,024-processor rack, but it also rents access to Blue Gene and other supercomputers for those who don't want to buy a full machine. On Friday, IBM is expected to announce four new customers for the rental service, called Deep Computing Capacity on Demand. Two of the new customers will be using Blue Gene.

One customer is SmartOps, which helps companies such as Caterpillar and Cardinal Health to manage inventory and distribution. Another is QuantumBio, which plans to sell processing power to pharmaceutical companies that perform drug simulation and other computationally intense tasks.

Nuclear weapons remain an active area of computing research in the U.S. as the DOE tries to ensure their reliability without using actual nuclear tests. ASC Purple, still undergoing final acceptance tests, will be able to fully simulate a nuclear explosion in three dimensions.

But the labs won't be able to rely on another potential source of funding that DOE has sought for years: development of a controversial "bunker-buster" warhead called the Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator, which can destroy deeply buried sites.

The Bush administration has sought funding for the project in recent years, but now has agreed to focus instead on conventional explosives that can do the job. The change of plans--and the disappearance of US$4 million in funding for national laboratories that the Senate had earmarked for the current fiscal year--was announced Tuesday by Sen. Pete Domenici, a Republican from New Mexico.

But there is plenty of other supercomputing work. LANL's ASC Q Machine has been used for biological research into the creation of proteins with a cellular factor called a ribosome.